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Sources & methods

Understand the number behind the story.

A useful comparison starts with a clear population, definition, and reference year.

Global does not mean every country has data

A global estimate comes from a source’s worldwide methodology. It may include estimates for gaps. A collection of available country figures is not automatically a world distribution. We keep each page’s coverage visible.

Observation year and publication year

A report published in 2025 can describe conditions in 2024. Our fact pages distinguish the reference year from the publication or review date. A review date does not imply the underlying observation is new.

Population totals and personal percentiles

A population total or average cannot establish an individual’s percentile. Percentiles require a suitable distribution. Results derived from modelled curves must be interpreted using the model explanation attached to the tool.

People, not countries, form a global population

Giving every country the same weight answers a question about countries. A worldwide person-level comparison instead requires compatible observations and appropriate population weights.

Separate kinds of evidence

The global fact pages summarise cited institutional publications. The personal comparison tools use the datasets and methods identified within those tools. Daily question results come from self-selected site visitors and are not representative surveys of humanity.

Sources and corrections

Every guide links to its original source. Figures are snapshots and can be revised by the publisher. Where evidence does not support a personal world rank, these pages explain the method rather than invent a result.

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